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Electric bicycles have the potential to change the game by reducing our reliance on cars and transforming the way we commute. However, while accidents are rare and shouldn't discourage you from investing in an electric bike, it's important to be aware of the potential fire hazards associated with large lithium-ion batteries installed on the bike frame.
Lithium-ion batteries offer many advantages that make them an ideal choice for electric bicycles. They can be charged and discharged hundreds of times, are relatively lightweight and compact, and contain lower levels of toxic heavy metals compared to many other battery types. Unfortunately, they are also highly flammable.
Why do electric bicycles pose a fire risk?
The lithium-ion batteries used in electric bicycles consist of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte. During charging or discharging, charged ions move from one electrode to the other.
The electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries is highly flammable. While this is generally not a problem, if the battery is damaged or overheated, the liquid may ignite. Once one battery overheats, adjacent batteries can also overheat (a process known as thermal runaway), and the heat and pressure quickly become uncontrollable, leading to an explosion.
To understand the reasons behind such incidents, TechRadar interviewed the Fire Protection Research Foundation, the research affiliate of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
The project manager at the foundation explained that there are various causes for lithium-ion battery fires, including manufacturing defects, design flaws, improper usage (such as placing the battery near a heat source or exposing it to prolonged direct sunlight, which can lead to overheating), puncturing the battery in a way that causes a short circuit, and using chargers that are not suitable for the device.
These issues are not unique to electric bicycles—any device with lithium-ion batteries can potentially catch fire, as we have seen with smartphones, laptops, and electric cars.
Hoverboards, in particular, have gained notoriety. Since their popularity surged in 2015, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has reported over 250 incidents related to fires or overheating. Major airlines have banned hoverboards from commercial flights, and retailers like Amazon, Overstock, and Toys "R" Us have temporarily halted sales.
Electric skateboards are particularly susceptible because they are relatively new and lack design standards that mandate safety measures such as venting holes or separators that act as fuses and shut off the battery at certain temperatures. Unlike other devices with lithium-ion batteries, they have not undergone rigorous testing before being sold to the public.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission swiftly implemented safety standards for hoverboards, and although their use on airplanes is still prohibited, hoverboards quickly made a comeback on store shelves.
Electric bicycles have been around for a long time and have more mature standards. However, the Fire Protection Research Foundation explains that bicycles involved in fires often have poor manufacturing quality:
"According to anecdotal reports from some fire departments, such as the New York City Fire Department, many electric bicycle fires are caused by low-quality components (such as poorly controlled batteries or products not certified by independent testing laboratories)."
How to prevent electric bicycle fires
In addition to purchasing electric bicycles from reputable manufacturers that meet appropriate safety standards, there are some measures you should take to maintain your electric bicycle and prevent fires:
Read the user manual and follow the manufacturer's safety precautions.
Only use chargers provided by the brand that are compatible with the battery.
Avoid using power extension cords; plug the charger directly into a wall outlet.
Ensure you have smoke detectors installed in the area where you charge your electric bicycle, and that you can hear the alarm. For example, if you charge your electric bicycle in a garage or garden shed, make sure a smoke detector is installed there and can be heard from your house.
If your battery or electric bicycle is exposed to a flood, consider it permanently damaged and do not attempt to charge it. Dispose of it responsibly.
Thorpe also suggests considering recycling the battery of your electric bicycle after five years, regardless of its usage. "Electric bicycle technology is changing and advancing each year," he says.
Lastly, he warns against keeping old lithium-ion batteries at home—whether they are from electric bicycles or not. Instead, responsibly recycle them.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has its own safety tips for lithium-ion batteries, providing information on the safe use of products powered by lithium-ion batteries and guidance on what to do in case of a lithium-ion fire. It also offers specific guidance for electric bicycle owners, including:
Do not use aftermarket batteries.
Always use the power cord and power adapter specifically made by the manufacturer for the device.
Do not leave the electric bicycle unattended while charging.
Do not leave the electric bicycle charging overnight.
Store batteries and devices at room temperature. Extreme heat or cold temperatures can damage the batteries. It is also not recommended to leave them in direct sunlight.
Do not keep electric bicycles (or similar devices) in children's rooms.
Do not block main exits of buildings with electric bicycles (or similar devices).
What to do in case of a fire
Pay attention to the battery of the electric bicycle, as you may be able to identify warning signs before a fire occurs. If you notice strange odors, changes in shape, leaks, unusual noises, or excessive heat, NFPA recommends moving it away from anything that could catch fire (if possible) and calling the fire department.
If a fire does occur, do not attempt to extinguish it yourself; lithium battery fires are particularly hazardous as the battery casing can explode at high temperatures, posing the risk of flying debris. Instead, evacuate the area immediately and call emergency services.
By following the safety guidelines above, the risk of a fire is minimal, which should not deter you from purchasing an electric bicycle. However, if a fire does occur, leave it to the professionals.
The speed at which the electric bike system disconnects and your riding style are crucial for battery performance. Almost all major bicycle manufacturers now offer a range of road and off-road electric bikes.
From cargo commuting e-bikes to sleek carbon fiber electric road bikes that are almost indistinguishable from non-motorized bicycles, electric bikes have evolved from novelty to practicality in the cycling world.
Anyone who has invested in battery-powered consumer electronics can attest to the noticeable decline in battery performance over time. Therefore, for anyone considering purchasing an electric bike and existing owners alike, e-bike battery maintenance is an important consideration.
The best electric bikes
The best electric road bikes
The best commuting electric bikes
With the rapid pace of development, some potential electric bike owners are concerned that the premium they pay today will be frustratingly outdated in a few months. This is not entirely accurate and largely depends on your usage.
Take the electric bike motor, for example. Mid-drive motors come in two rated output powers: 250W and 500W. More powerful motors may be enticing, but they also consume more battery energy. For regular commuting, a 500W motor is almost entirely unnecessary.
As more research and development resources are poured into the electric bike market, mid-drive motors may become more efficient or lighter, but riders don't necessarily need greater output power. The key is finding the right balance between power and efficiency based on your specific riding needs.
What you should consider is battery technology and how the usage of an electric bike affects battery life.
Learning from the lessons of other digital devices
Battery suppliers in the electric bike market have chosen lithium-ion as the standardized chemistry. This battery composition has been validated in consumer electronics and automotive industries. Therefore, there is a wealth of user data available regarding the health of lithium-ion batteries.
The motor of your electric bike will last a long time, with fewer moving parts prone to damage or heavy maintenance. Where performance may decline over time is in the battery pack.
Most smartphone or laptop users have experienced battery degradation over time. However, the loss of energy capacity can be mitigated. The most crucial impact on the health of electric bike batteries is the frequency of charging from very low energy levels.
If you frequently drain the battery to almost empty in most rides, the likelihood of significant degradation is very real. Ideally, you want to minimize the time spent at zero energy consumption and at 100% energy consumption.
Most electric bikes come with three-mode configurations, roughly divided into thirds. The lowest pedal-assist mode uses one-third of the available motor power, the middle setting uses two-thirds, and the third setting provides full power.
By default, using the eco mode, you should complete your electric bike rides with the maximum battery capacity possible.
Use it sparingly as needed
Limiting the depth of discharge is the most important way to maintain the health of electric bike batteries.
While we all occasionally enjoy maximum motor assistance, it is quite unnecessary, especially considering the lower limits imposed on electric bike systems in the EU/UK, which are set at 25 km/h.
The only time you should use the full power of the electric bike is when conquering the steepest slopes during challenging climbs.
By judiciously using only the battery capacity you need and not excessively consuming all the extra watts, you will enjoy better and more stable battery health over time.
The electric bike motor also prefers a consistent cadence, preferably in the range of around 80 RPM. To achieve the best match between your input and the motor's output, it is better to ride with higher cadence and lower gears.
If you frequently ride your electric bike and fully deplete the battery, you may consider models with larger battery capacity. Alternatively, you can choose plug-in range extenders to balance the overall load of the electric bike's energy system.
Rethinking the "free" speed
Different countries and regions have different regulations regarding the speed and specifications of electric bikes.
In the United States, the maximum power limit for electric bike motors goes up to 750W and disengages assistance at speeds of 32 km/h. Europe and the UK have adopted stricter definitions, with a power output limit of 250W for electric bikes used on roads, disengaging electric assistance at 25 km/h.
As a result, electric bike riders in the EU and the UK generally experience less battery degradation due to the configuration of their bikes. By using more conservative pedal-assist software to manage their energy usage, electric bikes in the EU/UK theoretically operate more efficiently than similar products in the US market.
Commuting and active transportation electric bikes were never designed to be speed machines. The value of these pedal-assist bikes lies in alleviating the challenges of long-distance commuting along hilly routes or reducing the pain of riding against the wind on the way back home in the afternoon.
Electric bikes are most useful when enhancing the rider's power on steep climbs or against headwinds. In both cases, speed is low. Active commuters don't need to climb steep hills at 40 km/h.
For electric bike enthusiasts in the EU and the UK, the more conservative assist setting of 7 km/h for mid-drive motors can provide an excellent ownership experience and contribute to healthier long-term battery health.
Based on type and capacity, the weight of electric bicycle batteries can range from 5 pounds to 40 pounds or even heavier. Typical lithium-ion electric bicycle batteries can weigh as light as 5 pounds and go up to 20 pounds. On the other hand, lead-acid electric bicycle batteries are larger in size and heavier, starting from 30 pounds.
The weight of electric bicycle batteries is not randomly determined; factors such as voltage, ampere-hour capacity, anode and cathode materials, and other metal components contribute to the weight.
In simple terms, batteries with higher voltage and larger capacity tend to be heavier, while batteries with lower voltage and smaller capacity are lighter.
Most riders prefer lightweight and maneuverable bicycles. Since it's not possible to reduce the weight of the electric bicycle frame or the weight of the motor and other key components, the only reasonable way to make the bicycle lighter is by adjusting the weight of the battery.
Whether it's an internally integrated frame battery or a simple removable external battery, understanding the weight of the electric bicycle battery and, if possible, replacing it with a lighter battery can help make your electric bicycle lighter.
Comparison of Different Bicycle Weights
Here is a side-by-side comparison of the best lightweight electric bicycles. Hopefully, it will help you find your ideal bicycle.
Types and Weight of Electric Bicycle Batteries
There are various types of electric bicycle batteries, and each type has a different weight value.
We can certainly discuss the weight of internally integrated or externally removable or fixed batteries. However, it would be easier to understand if we categorize the batteries based on their chemistry and material composition.
Lithium-ion Batteries:
Well-made removable internal and external lithium-ion batteries typically weigh around 8 pounds to 17 pounds.
Lead-acid batteries are cheaper but heavier compared to lithium-ion batteries. You would typically find lead-acid batteries weighing between 30 pounds to 40 pounds.
What factors affect the weight of electric bicycle batteries?
Voltage and Capacity:
Electric bicycle batteries are a combination of interconnected batteries. The more batteries there are, the higher the ampere-hour capacity and voltage flow. These batteries have a metallic body along with metal anodes and cathodes, so their weight is definitely noticeable.
Material Composition:
Graphite, nickel, copper, lead or lithium-ion, metal oxides, and zinc—all these battery types have composition components, most of which are metals, making them a significant factor behind the heavyweight batteries.
Are there weight limits for electric bicycles?
Yes, electric bicycles have weight limits. The weight of leisure bicycles typically ranges from 200 pounds to 300 pounds, while cargo/load-carrying bicycles weigh around 450 pounds to 550 pounds.
Please note that weight limits refer to the bike's ability to withstand a certain weight. Therefore, a weight limit of 200 pounds means that your electric bicycle weighing 50 pounds or 60 pounds will be able to comfortably carry around 200 pounds without affecting performance.
Is the weight of your electric bicycle important?
The weight of a bicycle is indeed crucial. A heavy electric bicycle may be reliable and comfortable to ride, but storing or carrying it can be a hassle. If you have to transport a bike weighing around 70 pounds to 80 pounds (including the weight of the battery) to your office or home, it can be quite inconvenient.
If you are a racer or seeking additional speed with an electric bicycle, a heavy bike will not provide satisfactory performance. Yes, the motor can certainly provide enough power to reach a certain speed, but the weight of the bike will be the biggest drawback in terms of speed.
If you are a racer or enthusiast looking to enjoy decent speed on an electric bicycle, you can certainly opt for a carbon fiber frame and rims, remove suspension systems, and add tubeless tires to shed a few pounds. However, in doing so, you may have to compromise on comfort.
Does the weight of the electric bicycle battery affect speed?
The weight of the electric bicycle battery certainly affects speed.
Let's consider a real scenario where you participate in a race, and you've done everything to make your bike lighter—using tubeless tires, carbon fiber rims and frame, and even removing suspension systems; you are satisfied with the weight of the bike.
But when you add a 20-pound battery to the bicycle, firstly, the weight distribution becomes uneven. The motor can provide enough torque to increase speed, but the weight of the battery makes it challenging to maneuver the electric bicycle.
Despite having a lightweight bike, the weight distribution, maneuverability, and ultimately the speed of your electric bicycle will be affected; all the blame falls on the battery.
How much does a lithium-ion battery weigh?
A decent lithium-ion battery weighs around 17 pounds. You may also find batteries weighing around 8 pounds, but their performance may not meet the standards.
Generally, lithium-ion batteries containing lithium, graphite, nickel, and metal oxides may have relatively higher weights compared to regular batteries. However, efforts are constantly being made to make them lighter while maintaining the standards of electric bicycles.
Why are electric bicycle batteries so heavy?
Electric bicycle batteries are heavy due to their construction materials and configuration. If you want the battery to have a larger capacity and voltage, you need to incorporate a sufficient number of individual batteries inside the battery pack.
These batteries have anode and cathode structures made of metals, along with copper, graphite, metal oxides, and other essential components. The weight of the plastic casing around the battery is negligible; it is primarily the inherent weight of these materials that adds to the overall weight of the battery.
It's a simple trade-off: if you want higher capacity in your electric bicycle battery, you will have to accept the burden of its weight.
Conclusion
For riders who value speed, having a lightweight electric bicycle is essential. The best way to reduce the overall weight of an electric bicycle is by using lightweight batteries.
The weight of the bicycle frame and motor is fixed and cannot be changed, but using a carbon fiber frame can help. Tubeless tires and carbon fiber rims can also significantly reduce weight.
Lead-acid batteries may be cheaper, but they are heavy to carry. For leisure use, an 8-pound lithium-ion battery would be the best choice.
The differences between lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries on electric bicycles are quite apparent.
Cost:
Lead-acid battery systems can be several hundred or thousand dollars cheaper than comparable lithium-ion batteries.
Currently, the price range for lithium-ion batteries is between $5,000 and $15,000 (including installation costs), and this range may vary depending on the size of the required system.
Associated Costs:
The purchase and installation costs of lead-acid batteries are generally cheaper than lithium-ion batteries.
The cost component of lithium-ion batteries is higher; however, the lifespan value of lithium-ion batteries offsets this impact.
Energy Density:
The energy density of lead-acid batteries is much lower than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have significantly higher energy density compared to lead-acid batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries can store more energy in the same physical space. Additionally, they can release more energy, providing power for a longer duration.
Discharge Capacity:
The discharge capacity of lead-acid batteries should not exceed around 50% as it can shorten the battery's lifespan.
Typically, lithium-ion batteries utilize 85% or more of their total capacity in a single cycle. Therefore, lithium-ion batteries have better effective capacity than lead-acid batteries.
Efficiency:
The efficiency of lead-acid batteries ranges from 80% to 85%. These batteries charge slowly and have lower effective battery capacity.
Most lithium-ion batteries have an efficiency of 95% or higher, meaning that 95% or more of the energy collected in the lithium-ion battery can be utilized. These batteries charge quickly and have a larger effective capacity.
Application:
Lead-acid batteries are well-suited for large-scale stationary applications where space is abundant and energy demands are low. In terms of cost and size, lithium-ion batteries may be the ideal choice for electric bicycles.
Environmental Friendliness:
Lead is a carcinogenic and environmentally hazardous substance. Even lead-acid batteries contain dangerous compounds like sulfuric acid. Lithium-ion batteries are more environmentally friendly as lithium is a harmless substance.
Which battery is best for electric bicycles?
For electric bicycles, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the best choice. While lead-acid batteries are still much cheaper, they are three times heavier than lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries are favored for their lightweight nature and suitability for long-distance travel. Compared to older battery technologies, lithium-ion batteries offer faster charging, longer range, and better power density, achieving longer battery life in lighter containers.
However, the five most critical variables to consider when choosing battery chemistry are specific energy, cost, lifespan, power, and safety.
What is the lifespan of an electric bicycle battery?
With proper maintenance, the battery lifespan can range from 3 to 5 years. Even when not in use, lithium batteries on electric bicycles will gradually lose capacity and self-discharge.
Even if the connected electric bicycle doesn't require any power or remains unused, the lithium battery on the electric bicycle will lose the stored energy due to internal actions.
Excessive self-discharge can cause irreversible damage to the electric bicycle's battery. Therefore, it is recommended to actively utilize it.
How Many Years Should An Ebike Battery Last?
Generally, a high-quality eBike battery may last between 3 and 5 years. Of course, this depends on various factors, including the type of battery, and how well you maintain it.
The major factors recommended for prolonging the e-bike’s battery life include the following:
Charge your battery completely for up to 4-7 hours before your first ride to extend its lifespan.
Use the original charger provided during the initial purchase with your e-bike; never mix and match chargers.
Do not wait until your e-bike battery is completely drained before charging.
Maintain your e-bike by charging it regularly and adequately.
Establish a charging station that is both dry and secure. Electrical gadgets should not be exposed to high humidity.
Learn your battery’s high and low voltage cut-off limitations.
Regularly clean around the battery connections and eliminate any corrosion.
Lithium batteries are the most prevalent battery in electric bikes nowadays.
Advantages Of Lithium Batteries
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Disadvantages of lithium electric bicycle batteries
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Advantages Of Lead Acid Batteries For E-Bikes
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Disadvantages of lead acid batteries for e-bikes
Conclusion:
Which is better, lead-acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries? In most cases, lithium-ion battery technology is superior to lead-acid battery technology due to its advantages in reliability and efficiency.
If the electric bicycle is not used frequently, the cheaper lead-acid battery may be preferred. According to recent research, the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries in electric bicycles is 45% longer than that of equivalent-rated lead-acid batteries.